Chemokines Brochure

Chemokines: Multifaceted Regulators of Physiology and Pathophysiology

Chemokines

Chemokines

The immune system is comprised of an arsenal of several cell types, each having distinct and specialized functions, that allow for quick and efficient responses to invasive foreign agents. The invasion of such matter generates an onslaught of inflammatory responses, recruiting several immune cells and proteins, including a special class of small cytokines called chemokines.

Representing the largest class of cytokines, chemokines play an essential role in both physiological and pathological activities by stimulating the migration of certain leukocytes through concentration gradients in a process known as chemotaxis. 

Critical to maintaining hemostasis through hematopoietic differentiation and immune surveillance, chemokines also help orchestrate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Chemokine-triggered immune responses often require co-stimulation by primary proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Chemokines possess high levels of specificity; a trait that enables the recruitment of diverse populations of well-defined chemokine subsets and receptors.

Classified into subfamilies by the structural conservation of both cysteine residues and disulfide bonds, chemokine nomenclature reflects several cysteine-grouping motifs and arrangements. Exempting members of a single subfamily, one of two conserved disulfide bonds link the first cysteine residue to the third, while the other links the second cysteine to the fourth. These disulfide bonds contribute to the tertiary and quaternary structures that further define the subfamilies and dictate possible receptor-ligand interactions. 

In order to exert biological effect, chemokines will bind with receptors of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, which possess seven conserved transmembrane domains with which chemokines can interact. Classified into subfamilies based on the motifs of their ligands, these receptors tend to interact with the chemokines of their eponymous subfamilies. Chemokines and their receptors otherwise tend to interact indiscriminately to stimulate upregulation of adherent chemokines, co-stimulatory cytokines and signaling cascades that polarizes cells to direct chemotaxis.

Chemokine Subfamilies and Nomenclature

C Chemokines: Contain only two conserved cysteine residues linked by a single disulfide bond.

CC Chemokines: Contain four conserved cysteine residues of which the first two, closest to the N-terminal, are adjacent to one another.

CXC Chemokines: Contain four conserved cysteine residues of which the first two, closest to the N-terminal, are separated by a single amino acid. 

CX3C Chemokines: Contain four conserved cysteine residues of which the first two, closest to the N-terminal, are separated by three amino acids.

 

Structure of Chemokine Classes

Structure of Chemokine Classes

 

Examples

CXCL6, also known as GCP-2 in humans or LIX in mice, is a connective tissue-derived CXC chemokine that signals through the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. Expressed in monocytes, platelets, endothelial cells and mast cells, CXCL6 is a highly selective chemoattractant of neutrophils and exhibits anti-angiogenic activity that suggests cancer-fighting potential.

Related Research Interests:
• Angiogenesis/Cardiovascular • Bone, Skeletal, Cartilage • Chemotaxis
• Immune System • Inflammation • Wound Healing

 

Eotaxin (CCL11) is a CC chemokine produced by IFN-γ-stimulated endothelial cells and TNF-activated monocytes that signals through the CCR3 receptor. Eotaxin selectively chemoattracts eosinophils and, along with eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3, plays a key role in the regulation of eosinophil recruitment in asthmatic lung and allergic reactions.

Related Research Interests:
• Chemotaxis • Immune System • Neurobiology
• Wound Healing    

 

CXCL1, also known as GRO-α/MGSA in humans, KC in mice and CINC-1 in rats, is a CXC chemokine secreted predominately by splenic cells that contributes to neutrophil activation during inflammation. CXCL1 also contributes to melanoma-related pathogenesis through stimulation of mitogenesis.

Related Research Interests:
• Angiogenesis/Cardiovascular • Chemotaxis • Immune System
• Inflammation • Neurobiology • Wound Healing

 

RANTES (CCL5) is a CC chemokine that can signal through the CCR1, CCR3, CCR5 and US28 (cytomegalovirus) receptors. A chemoattractant of monocytes, memory T cells (CD4+/CD45RO), basophils and eosinophils, RANTES also has the capability to inhibit certain strains of HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV.

Related Research Interests:
• AIDS/HIV • Allergy • Angiogenesis/Cardiovascular
• Chemotaxis • Immune System • Inflammation
• Neurobiology • Transplantation • Wound Healing

 

Exodus-2 (CCL21) is CC chemokine expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells, the spleen and appendix. Through interaction with the CCR7 receptor, Exodus−2 chemoattracts both T and B lymphocytes to inhibit hematopoiesis.

Related Research Interests:
• AIDS/HIV • Chemotaxis • Immune System
• Inflammation • Wound Healing  

 

TARC (CCL17) is a CC chemokine predominantly produced by thymic dendritic cells that signal through the CCR4 receptor expressed on natural killer cells, basophils and type 2 helper T lymphocytes.

Related Research Interests:
• Chemotaxis • Immune System • Wound Healing

 

 Chemokines circle

 

CXC Systematic Name

PeproTech Recombinant Chemokines

RUO Chemokines

Antibody Products

ELISA Development Kits

 

 

Catalog Numbers

C Chemokines

XCL1

Human Lymphotactin (XCL1)

300-20

500-P40 | 500-P40BT

 

CC Chemokines

CCL1

Human I-309 (CCL1)

300-37

500-P110 | 500-P110BT

 

CCL2

Human MCP-1 (CCL2)

300-04 | AF-300-04

500-P34 | 500-P34BT | 500-M71

900-K31 | 900-M31 | 900-T31 | 900-TM31

Murine JE/MCP-1 (CCL2)

250-10

500-P113 | 500-P113BT

900-K126 | 900-M126

Rat MCP-1 (CCL2)

400-12

500-P76 | 500-P76BT

900-K59 | 900-M59

CCL3

Human MIP-1α (CCL3)

300-08 | AF-300-08

500-P38 | 500-P38BT | 500-P38G | 500-P38GBT | 500-M74

900-K35 | 900-M35

Murine MIP-1α (CCL3)

250-09

500-P121 | 500-P121BT

900-K125 | 900-M125

Rat MIP-1α (CCL3)

400-15

500-P77 | 500-P77BT

900-K75

CCL3L1

Human LD78β (CCL3L1)

300-56

500-P187G | 500-P187GBT

 

CCL4

Human MIP-1β (CCL4)

300-09

500-P38B | 500-P38BBT

900-T36 | 900-TM36

Murine MIP-1β (CCL4)

250-32

500-P213 | 500-P213BT

900-K278 | 900-M278

Rat MIP-1β (CCL4)

400-09

 

 

CCL4L1

Human LAG-1 (CCL4L1)

300-58

 

 

CCL5

Human RANTES (CCL5)

300-06 | AF-300-06

500-P36 | 500-P36BT | 500-M75

900-K33 | 900-M33

Murine RANTES (CCL5)

250-07

500-P118 | 500-P118BT

900-K124 | 900-M124

Rat RANTES (CCL5)

400-13

500-P78 | 500-P78BT

900-K72 | 900-M72

CCL6

Murine C10 (CCL6)

250-06

500-P112 | 500-P112BT

 

CCL7

Human MCP-3 (CCL7)

300-17

500-P37G | 500-P37GBT | 500-M73

 

Murine MCP-3 (CCL7)

250-08

500-P116G | 500-P116GBT

900-K123

CCL8

Human MCP-2 (CCL8)

300-15 | AF-300-15

500-P35 | 500-P35BT | 500-M69

900-K41 | 900-M41

Murine MCP-2 (CCL8)

250-14

500-P127 | 500-P127BT

 

CCL9/10

Murine MIP-1γ (CCL9/10)

250-12

500-P117 | 500-P117BT

 

CCL11

Human Eotaxin (CCL11)

300-21 | AF-300-21

500-P41 | 500-P41BT | 500-P41G | 500-P41GBT | 500-M25

900-K69

Murine Eotaxin (CCL11)

250-01

500-P67 | 500-P67BT

900-K68

CCL12

Murine MCP-5 (CCL12)

250-04

500-P61 | 500-P61BT

 

CCL13

Human MCP-4 (CCL13)

300-24

500-P04 | 500-P04BT | 500-P04G | 500-P04GBT | 500-M70

 

CCL14

Human HCC-1 (CCL14) (72 a.a.)

300-38

500-P106 | 500-P106BT

 

Human HCC-1 (CCL14) (66 a.a.)

300-38B

 

 

CCL15

Human MIP-5 (CCL15)

300-43

500-P123G | 500-P123GBT

 

CCL16

Human LEC (CCL16)

300-44

500-P125G | 500-P125GBT | 500-M43

 

CCL17

Human TARC (CCL17)

300-30

500-P97 | 500-P97BT

 

Murine TARC (CCL17)

250-43

 

 

CCL18

Human MIP-4 (CCL18)

300-34

500-P108 | 500-P108BT

 

CCL19

Human MIP-3β (CCL19)

300-29B

500-P95B | 500-P95BBT | 500-M29

 

Murine MIP-3β (CCL19)

250-27B

 

 

CCL20

Human MIP-3α (CCL20)

300-29A

500-P95A | 500-P95ABT | 500-M28

 

Murine MIP-3α (CCL20)

250-27

 

 

CCL21

Human Exodus-2 (CCL21)

300-35A

500-P109 | 500-P109BT

 

Murine Exodus-2 (CCL21)

250-13

500-P114 | 500-P114BT

900-K132 | 900-M132

CCL22

Human MDC (CCL22) (67 a.a.) 

300-36

500-P107 | 500-P107BT | 500-M41

 

Human MDC (CCL22) (69 a.a.)

300-36A

 

 

Murine MDC (CCL22)

250-23

500-P176 | 500-P176BT

900-K197

CCL23

Human MIP-3 (CCL23)

300-29

500-P124 | 500-P124BT

 

CCL24

Human Eotaxin-2 (CCL24)

300-33

500-P103G | 500-P103GBT | 500-M31

 

Murine Eotaxin-2 (CCL24)

250-22

500-P175G | 500-P175GBT

 

CCL25

Human TECK (CCL25)

300-45 | AF-300-45

500-P134 | 500-P134BT | 500-M48

 

CCL26

Human Eotaxin-3 (CCL26)

300-48

500-P156G | 500-P156GBT | 500-M32

900-K167 | 900-M167

CCL27

Human CTACK (CCL27)

300-54

500-P294 | 500-P294BT

900-K213 | 900-M213

Murine CTACK (CCL27)

250-26

 

 

CCL28

Human MEC (CCL28)

300-57

500-P297 | 500-P297BT

 

Murine MEC (CCL28)

250-30

 

 

CXC Chemokines

CXCL1

Human GRO-α/MGSA (CXCL1)

300-11 | AF-300-11

500-P92 | 500-P92BT

900-K38 | 900-M38

Murine KC (CXCL1)

250-11

500-P115 | 500-P115BT

900-K127 | 900-M127

Rat GRO/KC (CXCL1)

400-10

500-P74 | 500-P74BT

900-K57

CXCL2

Human GRO-β (CXCL2)

300-39

500-P104 | 500-P104BT

900-K120 | 900-M120

Murine MIP-2 (CXCL2)

250-15

500-P130 | 500-P130BT

900-K152 | 900-M152

Rat GRO-β/MIP-2 (CXCL2)

400-11

500-P75 | 500-P75BT

 

CXCL3

Human GRO-γ (CXCL3)

300-40

500-P105 | 500-P105BT

 

CXCL4

Human PF-4 (CXCL4)

300-16

500-P05 | 500-P05BT

 

Murine PF-4 (CXCL4)

250-39

 

 

CXCL5

Human ENA-78 (CXCL5) (5-78 a.a.)

300-22

500-P91 | 500-P91BT

 

Human ENA-78 (CXCL5) (8-78 a.a.)

300-22B

 

 

CXCL6

Human GCP-2 (CXCL6)

300-41

500-P120 | 500-P120BT

 

Murine LIX (CXCL6) (92 a.a.)

250-17

500-P146 | 500-P146BT

 

Murine LIX (CXCL6) (70 a.a.)

250-36

 

 

CXCL7

Human NAP-2 (CXCL7)

300-14

500-P03 | 500-P03BT | 500-P03G | 500-P03GBT | 500-M33

900-K40

CXCL8

Human IL-8 (CXCL8) (77 a.a.)

200-08

 

 

Human IL-8 (CXCL8) (72 a.a.)

200-08M | AF-200-08M

500-P28 | 500-P28BT | 500-M08

900-K18 | 900-M18 | 900-T18 | 900-TM18

CXCL9

Human MIG (CXCL9)

300-26

500-P50 | 500-P50BT | 500-M42

900-K87 | 900-M87

Murine MIG (CXCL9)

250-18

 

 

CXCL10

Human IP-10 (CXCL10)

300-12

500-P93 | 500-P93BT | 500-M60

900-K39 | 900-M39 | 900-T39 | 900-TM39

Murine IP-10 (CXCL10)

250-16

500-P129 | 500-P129BT

900-K153 | 900-M153

Rat IP-10 (CXCL10)

400-33

500-P290 | 500-P290BT

900-K449 | 900-M449

CXCL11

Human I-TAC (CXCL11)

300-46 | AF-300-46

500-P132 | 500-P132BT

900-K151

Murine I-TAC (CXCL11)

250-29

 

 

CXCL12

Human SDF-1α (CXCL12)

300-28A | AF-300-28A

500-P87A | 500-P87ABT

900-K92 | 900-M92

Murine SDF-1α (CXCL12)

250-20A

500-P164G | 500-P164GBT

 

Rat SDF-1α (CXCL12)

400-32A

500-P315 | 500-P315BT

 

Human SDF-1β (CXCL12)

300-28B | AF-300-28B

500-P87BG | 500-P87BGBT

 

Murine SDF-1β (CXCL12)

250-20B

 

 

Rat SDF-1β (CXCL12)

400-32B

 

 

CXCL13

Human BCA-1 (CXCL13)

300-47

500-P141 | 500-P141BT

 

Murine BCA-1/BLC (CXCL13)

250-24

 

 

CXCL14

Human BRAK (CXCL14)

300-50

500-P237 | 500-P237BT

 

CXCL15

Murine Lungkine (CXCL15)

250-37

 

 

CXCL16

Human CXCL16

300-55

500-P200 | 500-P200BT

900-K230 | 900-M230

Murine CXCL16

250-28

500-P201G | 500-P201GBT

 

CX3C Chemokines

CX3CL1

Human Fractalkine (CX3CL1)

300-31

500-P98 | 500-P98BT

 

Rat Fractalkine (CX3CL1)

400-26

 

 

 

Chemokines banner

 

Chemokine Nomenclature

Systematic Name
CXC Chemokines

Functional Name(s)
(mouse protein)

Responding Cell Type(s)
(mouse protein)

Known
Receptor(s)

C Chemokines

XCL1

Lymphotactin, ATAC, SCM-1

Tr

XCR1

XCL2

SCM-1β

Tr

XCR1

CC Chemokines

CCL1

I-309 (TCA-3)

iDC, actT [Th2], Mo (PMN)

CCR8

CCL2

MCP-1, MCAF, JE

Bs, Mo, actT, NK, iDC

CCR2, CCR4

CCL3

MIP-1α, LD78α

Eo, Mo, actT, NK, iDC (PMN)

CCR1, CCR4, CCR5

CCL3L1

LD78β

Mo, actT, B

CCR1, CCR3, CCR5

CCL4

MIP-1β, LAG-1

Mo, actT [Th1], NK, iDC

CCR5

CCL4L1

LAG-1 gene duplication

Mo

CCR1, CCR5

CCL5

RANTES

Eo, Bs, Mo, actT, NK, iDC, Tm

CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5

CCL6

(C10)

Mo

CCR1

CCL7

MCP-3 (FIC)

Eo, Bs, Mo, actT, NK, iDC 

CCR1, CCR2, CCR3

CCL8

MCP-2

Eo, Bs, Mo, actT, NK, iDC

CCR1, CCR2B, CCR3, CCR5

CCL9/10

(MIP-1γ, MRP-2)

(PMN, actT)

CCR1

CCL11

Eotaxin

Eo, Bs, actT [Th2], iDC

CCR3

CCL12

(MCP-5)

Eo, Bs, Mo, actT, NK, iDC

CCR2

CCL13

MCP-4, CKβ-10

 Eo, Bs, Mo, actT, NK, iDC

CCR1, CCR2, CCR3

CCL14

HCC-1

Eo, Mo, T

CCR1, CCR3, CCR5

CCL15

MIP-5, MIP-1d, HCC-2, LKN-1

Mo, T

CCR1, CCR3

CCL16

LEC, HCC-4

Mo, actT [Th1]

CCR1

CCL17

TARC (ABCD-2)

actT [Th2]

CCR4

CCL18

MIP-4, DC-CK1, PARC, AMAC-1

Tr, iDC

unknown

CCL19

MIP-3β, ELC, Exodus-3, CKβ-11

Tr, actT, mDC

CCR7

CCL20

MIP-3α, LARC, Exodus-1

Tm, B, iDC, PMN

CCR6

CCL21

Exodus-2, 6Ckine, SLC

Tr, actT, mDC

CCR7

CCL22

MDC, STCP-1 (ABCD-1)

Mo, actT [Th2], NK, iDC

CCR4

CCL23

MIP-3, MPIF-1, CKβ-8

PMN, Mo, Tr

CCR1

CCL24

Eotaxin-2, MPIF-2, CKβ-6

Eo, Bs, actT [Th2], iDc, PMN, Tr

CCR3

CCL25

TECK

Thymocytes, Tr, iDC

CCR9

CCL26

MIP-4α, Eotaxin-3

Eo, Bs, actT [Th2], iDC

CCR3

CCL27

CTACK, ILC, Eskine

actT

CCR10 

CCL28

MEC

actT, Tr, Eo

CCR3, CCR10

CXC Chemokines

CXCL1

GRO1, GRO-α, MGSA, NAP-3 (KC)

PMN

CXCR1, CXCR2

CXCL2

GRO2, GRO-β, MIP2-α (MIP-2)

PMN

CXCR1, CXCR2

CXCL3

GRO3, GRO-γ, MIP2-β (DCIP-1)

PMN

CXCR2

CXCL4

PF-4, Oncostatin-A 

PMN, Mo

CXCR3B

CXCL5

ENA-78

PMN

CXCR2

CXCL6

GCP-2, CKA-3 (LIX)

PMN

CXCR1, CXCR2

CXCL7

NAP-2, PBP, LDGF, MDGF

PMN

CXCR1, CXCR2

CXCL8

IL-8, GCP-1, NAP-1

PMN, Bs

CXCR1, CXCR2

CXCL9

MIG

actT [Th1], NK

CXCR3

CXCL10

IP-10 (CRG-2)

Mo, actT [Th1], NK

CXCR3

CXCL11

I-TAC, IP-9

actT [Th1], NK

CXCR3, CXCR7

CXCL12

SDF-1, SDF-1α/β, PBSF

All cell types

CXCR4, CXCR7

CXCL13

BCA-1, BLC

B, (Mo)

CXCR5

CXCL14

BRAK, MIP-2G

PMN, mDC (B, Mo)

unknown

CXCL15

(Lungkine)

PMN

unknown

CXCL16

SR-PSOX

actT

CXCR6

CXCL17

VEGF co-regulated chemokine 1, DMC

Mo, iDC

unknown

CX3C Chemokines

CX3CL1

Fractalkine, Neurotactin, CX3C

Mo, actT, NK

CX3CR1

 

KEY

Tm = memory T cells

Bs = Basophil

Eo = Eosinophil

PMN = neutrophils

B = B-cells

Tr = resting T cell

NK = Natural Killer cells

mDC = mature dendritic cells

actT = activated T cell

T = T cells

Mo = monocyte

iDC = immature dendritic cells